The story of the last delegate of the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
In the Polish
collective memory Ottoman Turkey is remembered as the only state that did not
recognize the final partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
in 1795 by Russia, Prussia and Austria. There even exists an anecdote
recounting the exchange between the chef de protocol and his aide, which
is still often repeated in Poland. According to the tale, whenever the
diplomatic corps was received by the Ottoman sultan, on the sight of the empty
chair of the Polish deputy, the Ottoman chef de protocol would
ostentatiously ask: “Where is the deputy from Lehistan?”. At each
occasion he would receive the same reply from his aide: ‘Your Excellency,
the deputy of Lehistan could not make it because of vital impediments’ to
the annoyance of the diplomats from the partitioning states. The first written
record of this story comes from the Polish ambassador to Turkey in the years
1936 – 45, Michał Sokolnicki (1880 – 1967). He heard it from a Turkish officer
and statesman, Ali Fuat Cebesoy (1880 – 1968), who was acquainted with the
Istanbul Polish community. Cebesoy claimed that this symbolic exchange
continued until the end of sultanate and he witnessed it in person as a young
officer during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876 – 1909) (Sokolnicki,
1958). The accuracy of this account is widely questioned by the historians of
the subject as no record of such a habit from the early nineteenth century has
been found. Regardless, it has played, and continues to play a significant role
in the Polish collective memory and as a tool of statecraft. Tadeusz Mazowiecki
(1927 – 2013) attended the session of the Council of Europe in 1990 as the
first non-Communist Prime Minister of Poland since 1945, he began his speech
with the story and concluded it saying that the long-awaited deputy from
Lehistan had finally arrived, highlighting that Poland was at last a free
country (Kołodziejczyk, 2000).
In a similar vein, it
can be discussed whether the Ottoman Empire did or did not recognize the
partitions of Poland-Lithuania. Or more precisely whether the Ottomans were at
all asked for any kind of approval of the status quo. One of the main
resolutions of the Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815) was a final partition of
the Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie) between Russia and Prussia.
The Duchy of Warsaw was an independent Polish state established by Napoleon I
in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by Prussia and was allied to France.
Although it was created as a satellite state, it was commonly hoped and
believed that through it Poles would be able to regain their former status as a
fully sovereign state. These hopes were shattered due to Napoleon’s failure in
the campaign against Russia (1812) and the decisions of the Congress of Vienna,
which redrew the map of Europe after Napoleon’s defeat. However, the Ottoman
Empire was not invited to the Congress. Consequently, it is debatable to what
extent the Ottoman state was active in their supposed protest against the
partitioning of Poland-Lithuania.
The disappearance of
Poland from the map in 1795 did not go unnoticed in the Ottoman Empire. The
prominent nineteenth-century Ottoman historian and statesman, Ahmed Cevdet
Pasha (1822-1895), remarked in his history of the Ottoman Empire (Tarih-i
Cevdet): “When this unfortunate news [the partitioning of
Poland-Lithuania] reached the Sublime Porte, it was a warning to us. For this
reason the Ottomans chose to complete the essential military and financial reform
as soon as possible” (Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, 1270-1301 [1853-1883]). Moreover,
some Ottoman statesmen did indeed condemn the partitions. Karolina Suchodolska
(ca.1835 – ca.1900), daughter of the chief organizer of the Polish political
activities on the Bosphorus, Michał Czaykowski (Mehmed Sadık Pasha, 1804 –
1886), told the Polish traveller Antoni Zaleski (1858 - 1895) that her father’s
friend, former commander of the janissary troops and serasker of Sultan
Mahmud II, Benderli Hüseyin Pasha, recognized only seven European monarchs:
kings of Poland-Lithuania, Bohemia, England, France, Spain, Hungary and the
Pope. He regarded the King of Prussia as Poland-Lithuania’s vassal. According
to Suchodolska’s account, Czaykowski visited Benderli Hüseyin Pasha in the company
of the ambassador of Prussia. The Pasha, persistent in his convictions, did not
want to allow at any cost the representative of Prussia to sit next to
Czaykowski. Czaykowski did his utmost to ease the situation. As a response to
his pleas the Pasha is recorded as having said: “If you are insisting, he
can sit down but only on the chair. You, in turn, take a place next to me on
the divan. In my household I cannot bear the sight of a vassal sitting next to
his lord. No matter what has happened, in my books they are merely your vassals”
(Zaleski, 1887). Clearly, the Ottoman dignitary did not only disapprove of
the disappearance of Poland-Lithuania but also was aware of the important role
that the Ottoman Empire’s northern neighbour once played on the map of Europe.
Moreover, when Witold
Jodko-Narkiewicz (1864 – 1924) was appointed in 1919 as the first delegate of
the independent Poland to the Ottoman Empire, he remembered that the Grand
Vizier of Sultan Selim III, Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1743 – 1812), promised to take
care of the keys to the building of the Polish ambassador in Istanbul until
Poland-Lithuania regained its independence. (Chmielowska, 2006). The building
was located on a side street running from the main avenue Grande Rue de Pera
(today’s Istiklâl Caddesi) to the pier in Tophane. In order to commemorate the
location of the last Polish legacy to the Sublime Porte, this street, which
today bears the name Nur-i Ziya Sokağı, was called Leh Sokağı (Rue de Pologne,
Polish Street) throughout the nineteenth century until the 1950s.
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| Leh Sokağı |
In this context, the
story of Kajetan Aksak (d. 1824), the last Polish deputy to the Sublime Porte
before the partitions, certainly deserves a closer look. Aksak never came to
terms with the partitions of Poland-Lithuania. According to a Polish nineteenth
century Orientalist, Ignacy Pietraszewski (1796 – 1869), not only did the last
deputy never leave the Ottoman Empire but also did his best for years to make
the Ottoman statesmen aware of the great injustice that had been done to
Poland-Lithuania by its neighbours (Pietraszewski, 1989). Since Aksak was
convinced that only the monarch who had appointed him to his function could
call him back, he continued his service as an envoy of Poland-Lithuania until
the last days of his life in 1824. What is more, he observed the routine of
Polish deputies from earlier times. Like his predecessors he spent half of the
year in the small flat at Leh Sokağı, which he rented and which was located
next to the former embassy. Aksak collected all the documents pertaining to
Poland-Lithuania and organized a small archive in that flat. He spent the other
half of the year in a house in Ortaköy. Aksak would regularly attend the daily
meetings of the Ottoman Divan and like in the pre-partition period he would
take a seat in a room for the dragomans (translators). Ottoman
dignitaries, who felt sorry for him, continued to pay him the same honours they
paid to the dragomans of other states. In the same way Aksak’s kavas (guard)
unchangeably served him until his last days. Zaleski recounts in his travelogue
that whenever Ottomans saw Aksak’s guard, they would say with pity: “Here is
the shadow of a kavas, of a dragoman, of a state that was wiped away from the
world map!” (Zaleski, 1887).
Although the embassy
building went up in flames in 1822, Polish travellers recall that in the late
19th
century a small chapel commemorating the former embassy could be found next to
the building no 8 at Leh Sokağı (Łątka, 2001). It is noteworthy that the
street experienced a short renaissance during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
Polish émigrés set up a recruitment bureau there for soldiers who volunteered
to join a Polish legion that was going to fight in the war on the Ottoman side.
For decades the Polish Street was a place of pilgrimage for Polish travellers
to Istanbul. Today, however, there are no traces left of the above-mentioned
chapel and no commemorative board reminds passersby of the historical
importance of that place. Hardly anyone remembers that the street was once
called the “Polish Street” and the neighbourhood around it was commonly known
as the Polish neighbourhood (leh mahallesi).
Select Bibliography:
Select Bibliography:
- Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, Tarih-i Cevdet, v.5 (Istanbul: Matbaa-yi Ümeyre, 1270-1301 [1853-1883])
- Chmielowska, Danuta, Polsko-tureckie stosunki dyplomatyczne w okresie międzywojennym (Warszawa: Dialog, 2006)
- Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz, Turcja (Warsaw: Trio, 2000)
- Łątka, Jerzy S., Odaliski, poturczeńcy i uchodźcy. Z dziejów Polaków w Turcji (Cracow, Universitas, 2001)Pietraszewski, Ignacy, Uroki Orientu (Olsztyn: 1989)
- Sokolnicki, Michał, “Polityka Piłsudskiego a Turcja”, Niepodległość, v.6 (London: Wydawn. Instytutu Józefa Piłsudskiego Poświęconego Badaniu Najnowszej Historii Polski, 1958.
- Zaleski, Antoni, Z wycieczki na Wschód (Warsaw: Nakład Gebenthnera i Wolffa, 1887)
Posted
by:
Paulina Dominik obtained
her Master degree in Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford. For more on
the author see: https://oxford.academia.edu/PaulinaDominik
